FTIR Spectrum Characteristic
of Treated Spent Oil with Fungi
Vinoth,
A. 1, Balakrishnan, V. 1, Kalaivani, R. 1, Madhanraj,
P. 2* and N. Nadimuthu3
1Department of
Biotechnology, Thanthai Hans Roever College of
Arts and Science,
Perambalur - 621 212, Tamil Nadu.
2Indian Biotrack Research Institute, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.
3P.G. Department of Plant Science, Avvaiyar
Government College for Women,
Karaikal 609 602, Puducherry
U.T. India
*Corresponding Author E-mail: ibrilab@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Oil pollution is worldwide major problem in every environment and
hence the world is need of a perfect solution for prevention or recovery so,
the present investigation was carried out to detect the spent lubricant oil degradation
potentional of indigenous fungi in lab level by
measuring the growth and analysis the treated sample using FTIR. Soil sample
was randomly collected in the different location at railway tracks in Thanjavur junction soil sample are serially and 10-2
is used for plating technique in PDA medium. After incubation the isolates were
obtained and they are Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.
Oil degrading ability was detected supplying raw spent oil in PDA medium and incoprporated in PD broth at the concentration of (5%.10%,
15% and 20%), detection shows that no fungal cored use
raw oil as source of nutrient. In PDA plate’s visual detection of zone due to
the degradation was noticed. It was maximum by Aspergillus flavus follwed
by Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger. In PD broth
supplemented with different spent oil concentration (5%,10%,15% and 20%), after
14 days of incubation (30°C), as a visual the biomass of each fungal culture
was determined the biomass of different species of fungi in different
concentration oil showed growth but with variation the higher mycelial
biomass was recorded by Aspergillus flavus. The
FT-IR analysis results shows that is major difference in the peak formation
between the tested samples which shows that fungal species has utilized or
degraded the oil hydrocarbon. Differently as per their metabolize activity.
KEYWORDS:
INTRODUCTION:
The need for motor oil has increased throughout the years with the
increase of cars on the road worldwide. As people buy motor oil for their car’s
maintenance, they may dispose of the oil improperly. Used motor oil is
sometimes dumped down drain sewers, disrupting the operations at wastewater
treatment plants. When motor oil is dumped on vacant lots harmful material
percolates through the soil contaminating underground water resources. Illegal
dumping of oil reduces water penetration in soils, slows photosynthesis of
plants, which lessens oxygen supplies for aquatic life, and threatens our
natural resources.
Motor oil slowly breaks down, but this compound may contain toxic
substances such as benzene, lead, zinc, and cadmium. A gallon of oil ruins the
taste of water for fifty people in a year.
The problem of environmental pollution with anthropogenic hydrocarbons
and their influence on natural ecosystems calls for comprehensive
investigation. Crude oil consists of a number of rather complicated components,
which are toxic and can exert side effects on environmental systems. Oil pool
contains aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, for example, crude oil
consists of alkanes 15 -60 %, naphthenes
30-60 %,aromatics 3-30% and asphaltenes 6 % by weight
(Speight, 1990).
Petroleum contains a wide range of organic compounds that are
nutrients for microorganisms. Petroleum degradation is primarily an oxidation
process, although there is some evidence for anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation
(Gutnick and Rosenberg, 1977).
Bioremediation owing to the problems associated with physical,
mechanical and chemical methods, there is a need for a safer and less expensive
approach to remediation of polluted environments. Bioremediation is a means of
cleaning up contaminated environments by exploiting the diverse metabolic
abilities of microorganisms to convert contaminants to harmless products by
mineralization, generation of carbon (IV) oxide and water, or by conversion
into microbial biomass (Baggott, 1993; Mentzer and Ebere, 1996).
The advantages associated with fungal bioremediation lay primarily
in the versatility of the technology and its cost efficiency compared to other
remediation technologies (such as incineration, thermal desorption, extraction)
(Aust, 1990). Biodegradation of complex hydrocarbon
usually requires the cooperation of more than a single species. This is
particularly true in pollutants that are made up of many different compounds
such as crude oil or petroleum and to complete mineralization to CO2 and
H2O is desired. Individual microorganisms can metabolize only a
limited range of hydrocarbon substrates, so assemblages of mixed populations
with overall broad enzymatic capacities are required to bring the rate and
extent of petroleum biodegradation further (Sorkhoh et al., 1995).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Properties of lubricant
engine oil used in this present study:
PH= 11
Colour: Blackish Brown.
Spent oil degradation by
different fungal isolates:
All the fungal species isolated in the present study were screened
for spent lubricant oil utilization. The test was carried out by supplying
spent lubricant oil alone as a raw source and also mixed with the Potato
Dextrose broth medium in different concentration. For conducting experiment the
spent oil was precured from Venkateswara
Garrage, Thanjavur.
Experiment-1:
Potato Dextrose agar supplemented with different concentration of
used lubricant oil (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) sterilized. About 1 cm2
piece from fungi each isolates were inoculated in Potato Dextrose agar, after
incubation of seven long days at 30 şC, fungal isolates was studied for the
Zone formation which showed the utilization of spent oil. The Diameter of
degradation Zone was measured in Millimeter and recorded.
Experiment-2:
In a flasks of 250ml capacity 100ml of Potato dextrose broth was
taken and to this 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ml of the spent oil was added. The flask
were then cotton pluged and autoclaved. After
bringing the flasks to room temperature, the flasks were inoculated with the
fungal species. The flask s after inoculation was incubated at room temperature
for a week long period for each concentration and each species duplicates were
maintained.
Growth Measurement (Biomass
assay):
As the end of the incubation, the mycelial
mat was harvested and weighed using an electronic balance to find out the wet
weight of the mycellium. One wet mycelial
biomass was accounted as a measure growth of the fungi.
FT -IR Analysis of the
filtrate:
The supernatant was taken in the conical flask (50ml) and added
10ml of HNO3:HClO4 (1:2) solution (50ml) and heated for half an hour. Solutions
were filtered through Whatman 1 filter paper and volume was made to 50mLby
adding distilled water. The sample was analysed by FTIR spectroscopy for detection of utilized
hydrocarbons.
RESULTS:
Identification of Fungi:
In the present study three fungal species were identified Viz Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger. The result showed that
the genus Aspergillus is alone present in the oil
contaminated sites of the railways at Thanjavur.
Spent oil degradation by
different Fungal:
In the Potato Dextrose agar supplemented with 5%, 10%, 15%, and
20% concentration spent lubricant oil,
the maximum degradation clean zone was caused by Aspergillus flavus inoculated plate. The zone of
diameter was 29mm, 24mm, 22mm and 20mm for above said concentrations
respectively. Degradation of
Aspergillus niger and A.terrus was 19 mm, 17 mm, 15 mm and 12mm and -20 mm, 18 mm, 14 mm and 11 mm respectively. (Table 1)
Growth (mycelial
Biomass) of fungi:
All the fungal species showed growth in all spent lubricant oil in
PD broth at all concentration, but their biomass differed greatly. At 5%
concentration A. terrus showed the
maximum biomass 11.1gms, followed by A. flavus 6.8 gms and A. niger 5.8
gms. At 10% concentration the growth was
maximum by A.niger 11.8
gms, followed by A.flavus 11.5gms and A.terrus
8.8 gms. At
15% concentration A. niger showed maximum mycelial
biomass of 27.5gms, followed by A.terrus 18.9 gms and A.flavus 15.5
gms. At 20%
concentration maximum growth was noted by mycelial
biomass of A.flavus 22 gms, followed by A.
niger 18 gms and
A.terrus 11.9 gms. The trend was increasing constantly
the biomass with increasing concentration of oil by A.flavus, increasing up to 15% and degreasing after wards by A.niger and flucteatly
by A.terrus (Table
2)
FT -IR Analysis for spent oil
degradation:
The FT-IR analysis of untreated spent
lubrication oil revealed Peak value of
3411.16 cm-1indicating the presence of hydroxyl
stretching, 2948.21 cm-1,
2920.69 cm-1 and 2852.02 cm-1 indicating the presence of
C-H stretching, 1457.98 indicating unidentified, 1376.66 indicates nitro groups
and 721.74 cm-1 showed the
presence of alkyl halides
The FT-IR spectrum of treated sample with Aspergillus terrus after
14 days Showed new Peak value in 5% concentration at 1460.51 cm-1
corresponding CH2 bend in Alkanes
.Respectively in both 10% and 15% concentration identical results are same in
functional groups and minor changes in the peak values. New band observed
1644.28 cm-1 corresponding C=C stretch (isolated) in Alkenes. In 20% concentration 3648.89 cm-1 corresponding O-H
stretch in Alcohols. 1683.97cm-1 and 1653.17 these peak
values shows the presence of C=C stretch (isolated) in Alkenes. 1540.37cm-1, 1507.04cm-1 and
1521.25cm-1 these peak values are shown the presence of N-H bend in
Amines.
The FT-IR spectrum of treated sample with Aspergillus flavus after 14 days of showed formation
of new peaks in 5% concentration at 1649.76 cm-1 corresponding C=C
stretch (isolated) in Alkenes, 1153.93cm-1 this peak value is shows
the formation of different functional groups such as C-O stretch in Alcohols,
C-O-C stretch (dialkyl) in Ethers, C-C stretch in ketones, C-O stretch in Anhydrides, C-N stretch (alkyl) in
Amines, C-F stretch in Alkyl halides and P=O in phosphine
oxides. 967.66cm-1 this peak value indicate the presence of PH bend
in phosphines.
The FT-IR spectrum of treated sample with Aspergillus flavus after 14 days of indicated that
formation of new functional groups are observed compare to the control in 10%
concentration the functional groups are Alkenes, alcohols, ethers, ketones, anhydrides, amines, alkyl halides, phosphine oxides and phosphines.
The FT-IR spectrum of treated sample with Aspergillus flavus after 14 days of microbial
incubation indicated that formation of new functional groups are observed
compare to the control in 15% concentration the functional groups are Alkenes,
amines , amides, alcohols, ethers, ketones,
anhydrides, amines, alkyl halides, phosphine oxides
and phosphines. In control sample 3411.16 this peak
value is absence in this Aspergillus flavus
treated sample.
The FT-IR spectrum of treated sample with Aspergillus flavus after 14 days of microbial
incubation 20% concentration indicated that absence of amines and amide
functional groups.
The FT-IR spectrum of treated sample with Aspergillus niger after 14
days of showed that formation of new functional group was observed compared
with to the control in 5% concentration the functional group is Alkenes.
The FT-IR spectrum of treated sample with Aspergillus nigers
after 14 days of showed the formation of new functional groups are observed
compared to the control in 10%, 15% and 20% concentration the functional groups
are alkenes, amines, alcohols, ethers, ketones,
anhydrides, alkyl halides, phosphine oxides, phosphines and sulfonates. (Table 3 – 6; Fig 1).
DISCUSSION:
The dominance of petroleum products in the world economy creates
the conditions for distributing large amounts of complex compounds consist of
hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules, and a huge volume of oily sludge,
a carcinogenic and a potent immunotoxicant (Propst et al .,1999; Ojumu et al., 2004).
Bahuguna et al. (2011) Physico
chemical analysis of PAHs contaminated road side soil shows the following
result, the soil temperature ranged from 38 ° C to 43 ° C, pH 6.80 to 8.10,
moisture contents 0.4721.864 mg/g of soil. The inorganic phosphates, nitrates
and total organic contents ranged 0.0300.499 mg/g, 0.2217.112μg/g, and
75.25270.3mg/g of soil respectively. The total PAH concentrations ranged from
21.81 to 75.25 μg/g of soils, where as bacterial
load ranged from 5X10 2 (log10 2.698) to 2.1X10 5
(log10 5.324) CFU/g of soil at various road side soil samples. It was noted that the
soil samples from automobile repair work stations located in the market places
having heavy transport activities demonstrated significantly higher total
organic carbon, total PAHs contents and soil temperature while showing lower
moisture contents and bacterial counts.
Al-Nasrawi (2012) studied the sand
samples contaminated with oil spill from Pensacola beach (Gulf of Mexico) and
isolated sixteen fungal strains and confirmed four fungal strains for biodegradation
ability of crude oil. Uzoamaka et al., (2009) isolated eight fungi from waste oil soil and
reported the potentials for hydrocarbon biodegradation which include A. versicolor,
A.niger, A.flavus, Syncephalastrum spp.,
Trichoderma spp., Neurospora sitophila, Rhizopus arrhizus and Mucor spp. These findings compared with the present study have yielded
higher number of species. This difference may be to the reasons as stated by
Westlake et al., (1974) the effect of
oil on microbial populations that depend upon the chemical composition of the
oil and on the species of microorganisms present. Populations of some microbes
increase; typically, such microbes use the petroleum hydrocarbons as nutrients.
The same crude oil can favor different genera at different temperatures.
Biodegradation or bioremediation is a means of cleaning up
contaminated environments by exploiting the diverse metabolic abilities of
microorganisms to convert contaminants to harmless products by mineralization,
generation of carbon (IV) oxide and water, or by conversion into microbial
biomass (Baggott, 1993; Mentzer
and Ebere, 1996).
Batelle (2000) and Ojo
(2005) Fungi have been found to be better degraders of petroleum than
traditional bioremediation techniques including bacteria, and although
hydrocarbon degraders may be expected to be readily isolated from a petroleum
oil- associated environment, the same degree of expectation may be anticipated
for microorganisms isolated from a totally unrelated environment
Recently, many researcher studied and reported the role of fungi in biodegradation process
of petroleum products and the most common fungi which have been recorded as a
biodegrades belongs to following genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Candida, Cephalosporium,
Cladosporium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Gliocladium, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Pleurotus, Polyporus, Rhizopus, Rhodotolura, Saccharomyces, Talaromyces and Torulopsis (Gesinde et al 2008;
Obire and Anyanwu 2009; Adekunle
and Adebambo 2007; Adekunle
et al 2004) .
Al-Nasrawi (2012) have isolated fungi
belong to Aspergillus niger
with higher activity followed by Penicillium documbens, Cochliobolus lutanus and Fusarium solani. Aspergillus niger recorded the highest weight loss of 8.6%, Penicillium documbens (7.9
%) and Cochliobolus lutanus (4.7%)
whereas the lowest weight loss was demonstrated by Fusarium solani strain 421502 (1.9%).
Adekunle and
Adebambo (2007) studied the rate of fungal growth
in media containing crude oil compared
with inoculated media without crude oil, demonstrated that media containing crude oil shows an increase
in rates of fungal growth in the this might be due to the fact that fungi use
crude oil as a substrate for their survival growth using extra cellular enzymes
to break down the recalcitrant hydrocarbon molecules, by dismantling the long
chains of hydrogen and carbon, thereby, converting petroleum into simpler forms
or products that can be absorbed for the growth and nutrition of the fungi .
Obire and Anyanwu (2009) studied the
biodegradation of oil of fungi and reported that, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium species were the most efficient metabolizers
of hydrocarbons. In this present
study the obtained
result also correlates with Obire and Anyanwu (2009) that
the isolated fungi mostly belongs to Aspergillus.Spp Viz Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terrus and Aspergillus flavus.
Adhering these findings the present study also yield three species
of fungi Viz Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger. While
all showed spent oil degradation ability by the development of clear zone
formation in PDA plates incorporated with the spent oil. Further the growth was
high towards the increasing concentration of spent oil from 6.8 gms to 22 gms
by A.flavus
at 5 to 20% concentrations respectively.
A. niger showed the increased growth up to 15% of supplement of oil and
sharp degrease afterwards. While the A.terrus showed
peak and fall ie alternative concentration. This may
be due to the differences in the metabolize activity of the fungi as point out
by Potin et al (2004). Further observation made
by Atlas and Cerniglia (1995) that the fungi are
capable of metabolizing some aromatic compounds, they do not have the enzymes
required for transforming the co-oxidation products. This removal value
increased up to two-fold with the biostimulation
treatment, but the PHAs remotion was even 6-, 7- and
8-fold times higher when bioaugmentation treatments
with Rhizopus sp., P. funiculosum
and A. sydowii were
applied respectively, ends support to the present study.
In a taxonomic study of fungi, by Nyns et al. (1969) found that hydrocarbon
assimilation was also found most common
in the orders Mucorales and Monilales,
as well as in the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium (order Eurotiales). Furthermore, in comparison with eight other genera, Aspergillus and Penicillium species were the most efficient metabolizers
of hydrocarbons (Obire
et al., 2008).
FTIR Spectroscopy is a technique based on the determination of the
interaction between an IR radiation and a sample that can be solid, liquid or
gaseous. It measures the frequencies at which the sample absorbs, and also the
intensities of these absorptions. The frequencies are helpful for the
identification of the sample’s chemical make-up due to the fact that chemical functional
groups are responsible for the absorption of radiation at different
frequencies. The concentration of component can be determined based on the
intensity of the absorption. The spectrum is a two-dimensional plot in which
the axes are represented by intensity and frequency of sample absorption.
The infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from
the visible to the microwave
Infrared radiation is divided into:
- Near (NIR, ν = 10,000 – 4,000 cm-1);
- Middle (MIR, ν = 4,000 – 200 cm-1) and
- Far (FIR, ν = 200 – 10 cm-1).
Because all compounds show characteristic absorption/emission in
the IR spectral region and based on this property they can be analyzed both
quantitatively and qualitatively using FT-IR spectroscopy. Today FT-IR
instruments are digitalized and are faster and more sensitive than the older
ones. FT-IR spectrometers can detect over a hundred volatile organic compounds
(VOC) emitted from industrial and biogenic sources. Gas concentrations in stratosphere
and troposphere were determined using FT-IR spectrometers. FT-IR spectroscopy
coupled with other spectroscopic techniques such as AAS (atomic absorption
spectroscopy) have been used to assess the impact of industrial and natural
activities on air quality (Childers et al.,
2001; Puckrin et
al., 1996).
In the present study the FT IR spectrum of the treated sample of
the spent lubricant oil revealed the reduction in the hyrocarbon
components alkenes, amines, alcohols, ethers, ketones,
anhydrides, alkyl halides, phosphine oxides, phosphines and sulfonates and
retention time and confirmed the utilization of hydrocarbon by these fungal
species. Thus the native soil isolates from railway tracks are having degrading
the potential and they can be employing effectively for bioremedation
of oil pollution of the culture conditions are optimized.
Table 1 Spent lubricant oil degradation by
fungal isolates at different concentration
|
Name Of The Organism |
Diameter of the Zone (mm) |
||||
|
5 % |
10 % |
15 % |
20 % |
Control |
|
|
Aspergillus terrus |
20 |
18 |
14 |
11 |
0 |
|
Aspergillus flavus |
29 |
24 |
22 |
20 |
0 |
|
Aspergillus niger |
19 |
17 |
15 |
12 |
0 |
Table
2 Growth (Mycelial Biomass) of fungal isolates in
Potato Dextrose Broth supplemented with spent lubricant oil in different
concentration
|
S.no |
Name of the organism |
|
Fungal Biomass(g) |
|||||
|
Raw oil |
1% |
5% |
10% |
15% |
20% |
Positive control |
||
|
1. |
Aspergillus terrus |
No growth |
6.7g |
11.1g |
8.8 |
18.9 |
11.9 |
6.9 |
|
2. |
Aspergillus flavus |
No growth |
7.0g |
6.8g |
11.5 |
15.5 |
22 |
7.3 |
|
3. |
Aspergillus niger |
No growth |
6.3g |
5.8 |
11.8 |
27.5 |
18 |
6.5 |
Table 3 FTIR Spectrum for UN
treated Control Sample
|
Sample Name |
Wave number (cm-1) |
Molecular motion |
Functional group |
|
Control |
3411.16 |
N-H stretch, N-H stretch (1
per N-H) |
Amides, Amines |
|
2948.21 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2920.69 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.02 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1457.98 |
unidentified |
unidentified |
|
|
1376.66 |
-NO2(aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
721.74 |
C-Cl stretch |
Alkyl halides |
Table 4 FTIR Spectrum for
different concentration of Spent oil degraded by Aspergillus terreus
|
Sample Name |
Wave number (cm-1) |
Molecular motion |
Functional group |
|
5% Treated Spent oil |
3403.12 |
N-H stretch, N-H stretch (1
per N-H) |
Amides, Amines |
|
2950.95 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2920.93 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.24 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1641.38 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1460.51 |
CH2
bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1376.76 |
-NO2(aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
721.67 |
CH2
bend 4 (or) more |
Alkanes |
|
|
10% Treated Spent oil |
3392.66 |
N-H stretch, N-H
stretch (1 per N-H) |
Amides, Amines |
|
2950.95 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2920.96 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.27 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1644.28 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1457.83 |
CH2 bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1376.67 |
-NO2(aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
721.63 |
CH2 bend 4 (or)
more |
Alkanes |
|
|
15% Treated Spent oil |
3392.70 |
N-H stretch, N-H
stretch (1 per N-H) |
Amides, Amines |
|
2950.95 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2920.95 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.26 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1652.50 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1459.26 |
CH2 bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1376.73 |
-NO2(aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
721.62 |
CH2 bend 4 (or)
more |
Alkanes |
|
|
20% Treated Spent oil |
3648.89 |
O-H stretch |
Alcohols |
|
2920.91 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.21 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1699.90 |
Un identified |
Un identified |
|
|
1683.97 |
C=C stretch (isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1653.17 |
C=C stretch (isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1558.77 |
N-H bend; N-H bend |
Amines; Amides |
|
|
1540.37 |
N-H bend |
Amines |
|
|
1507.04 |
N-H bend |
Amines |
|
|
1521.25 |
N-H bend |
Amines |
|
|
1489.31 |
Un identified |
Un identified |
|
|
1457.19 |
CH2 bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1375.19 |
-NO2(aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
|
721.48 |
CH2
bend 4 (or) more |
Alkanes |
Table 5 FTIR Spectrum for
different concentration of Spent oil degraded by Aspergillus flavus
|
Sample Name |
Wave number (cm-1) |
Molecular motion |
Functional group |
|
5%Treated Spent oil |
3408.42 |
N-H stretch, N-H
stretch (1 per N-H) |
Amides, Amines |
|
2953.69 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2920.93 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.22 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1649.76 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1457.25 |
CH2
bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1376.01 |
-NO2 (aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
1334.73 |
-NO2 (aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
1153.93 |
C-O stretch;
C-O-C stretch (dialkyl); C-C stretch;C-O
stretch; C-N stretch (alkyl); C-F stretch; P=O |
Alcohols;
Ethers; Ketones; Anhydrides; Amines; Alkyl halides;
phosphine oxides |
|
|
967.66 |
PH bend |
Phosphines |
|
|
721.43 |
CH2
bend 4 (or) more |
Alkanes |
|
|
10% Treated Spent oil |
3400.20 |
N-H stretch, N-H
stretch (1 per N-H) |
Amides, Amines |
|
2953.69 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2920.92 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.23 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1652.50 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1457.23 |
CH2 bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1375.94 |
-NO2 (aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
1153.93 |
C-O stretch; C-O-C
stretch (dialkyl); C-C stretch; C-N
stretch (alkyl); C-F stretch; P=O |
Alcohols;
Ethers; Ketones; Anhydrides; Amines; Alkyl halides;
phosphine oxides |
|
|
970.40 |
PH bend |
Phosphines |
|
|
721.43 |
CH2 bend 4 (or)
more |
Alkanes |
|
|
15%Treated Spent oil |
2956.43 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
2920.88 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.19 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1652.50 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1559.36 |
N-H bend; N-H
bend |
Amines; Amides |
|
|
1457.21 |
CH2 bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1375.81 |
-NO2 (aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
1156.67 |
C-O stretch;
C-O-C stretch (dialkyl); C-C stretch; C-N stretch
(alkyl); C-F stretch; P=O |
Alcohols;
Ethers; Ketones; Anhydrides; Amines; Alkyl halides;
phosphine oxides |
|
|
964.92 |
PH bend |
Phosphines |
|
|
811.52 |
PH bend |
Phosphines |
|
|
721.12 |
CH2 bend 4 (or)
more |
Alkanes |
|
|
20% Treated Spent oil |
2950.95 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
2920.91 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.22 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1460.90 |
CH2 bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1376.81 |
-NO2 (aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
721.82 |
CH2 bend 4 (or)
more |
Alkanes |
Table 6 FTIR Spectrum for
different concentration of Spent oil degraded by Aspergillus niger
|
Sample Name |
Wave number (cm-1) |
Molecular motion |
Functional group |
|
5% Treated Spent oil |
3392.77 |
N-H stretch (1
per N-H bond) |
Amines |
|
2950.95 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2920.94 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.21 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1653.16 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1457.45 |
CH2
bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1376.48 |
-NO2(aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
721.29 |
CH2
bend 4 (or) more |
Alkanes |
|
|
Treated
10% Spent oil |
3397.46 |
N-H stretch (1
per N-H bond) |
Amines |
|
2950.95 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2920.87 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.17 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1688.11 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1655.24 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1507.03 |
N-H bend |
Amines |
|
|
1457.36 |
CH2 bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1376.40 |
-NO2(aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
1156.67 |
C-O stretch; C-O-C
stretch (dialkyl); C-C stretch; C-N stretch
(alkyl); C-F stretch; P=O |
Alcohols;
Ethers; Ketones; Anhydrides; Amines; Alkyl halides;
phosphine oxides |
|
|
967.66 |
PH bend |
Phosphines |
|
|
806.04 |
S-O stretch |
Sulfonates |
|
|
721.44 |
CH2 bend 4 (or)
more |
Alkanes |
|
|
15% Treated Spent oil |
3391.99 |
N-H stretch (1
per N-H bond) |
Amines |
|
2950.95 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2920.87 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.17 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1682.63 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1652.50 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1457.30 |
CH2 bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1376.27 |
-NO2(aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
1156.67 |
C-O stretch;
C-O-C stretch (dialkyl); C-C stretch; C-N stretch
(alkyl); C-F stretch; P=O |
Alcohols;
Ethers; Ketones; Anhydrides; Amines; Alkyl halides;
phosphine oxides |
|
|
964.92 |
PH bend |
Phosphines |
|
|
808.78 |
S-O stretch |
Sulfonates |
|
|
721.51 |
CH2 bend 4 (or)
more |
Alkanes |
|
|
20% Treated Spent oil |
2953.69 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
2920.85 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
2852.17 |
C-H stretch |
Alkanes |
|
|
1652.50 |
C=C stretch
(isolated) |
Alkenes |
|
|
1457.26 |
CH2 bend |
Alkanes |
|
|
1376.17 |
-NO2(aliphatic) |
Nitro groups |
|
|
1151.19 |
C-O stretch;
C-O-C stretch (dialkyl); C-C stretch; C-N stretch
(alkyl); C-F stretch; P=O |
Alcohols;
Ethers; Ketones; Anhydrides; Amines; Alkyl halides;
phosphine oxides |
|
|
967.66 |
PH bend |
Phosphines |
|
|
811.52 |
PH bend |
Phosphines |
|
|
721.67 |
CH2 bend 4 (or)
more |
Alkanes |
Fig (1) FTIR Spectrum for UN treated
Control Sample
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Received on
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Accepted on 03.12.2014
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